KAJIAN PENERAPAN BLOCKCHAIN PADA SISTEM AKADEMIK DI PERGURUAN TINGGI: SEBUAH LITERATURE REVIEW

A STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF BLOCKCHAIN IN ACADEMIC SYSTEMS IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Penelitian ini mengkaji penerapan teknologi blockchain dalam sistem akademik di perguruan tinggi sebagai respons terhadap meningkatnya kebutuhan akan keamanan, transparansi, dan efisiensi dalam pengelolaan data akademik. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah menganalisis secara sistematis bagaimana blockchain telah digunakan, sedang diterapkan, dan berpotensi diintegrasikan dalam berbagai proses akademik, termasuk verifikasi kredensial, pengelolaan rekam jejak belajar, serta interoperabilitas data antar-institusi. Menggunakan pendekatan systematic literature review, penelitian ini menerapkan protokol pencarian, seleksi, dan sintesis literatur secara ketat untuk mengidentifikasi publikasi relevan dalam lima tahun terakhir. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun blockchain menawarkan manfaat strategis seperti imutabilitas data, desentralisasi, dan otomatisasi melalui smart contract, implementasi praktisnya dalam konteks perguruan tinggi masih terbatas pada verifikasi sertifikat dan belum banyak menjangkau keseluruhan siklus akademik. Temuan juga mengungkap adanya sejumlah tantangan, termasuk kesiapan infrastruktur, regulasi, dan kapabilitas institusional yang masih rendah, khususnya di negara berkembang. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi teoretis melalui integrasi konsep teknologi blockchain dengan karakteristik sistem akademik modern, serta kontribusi praktis berupa pemetaan peluang dan hambatan implementasi yang dapat menjadi acuan bagi institusi pendidikan tinggi dan pembuat kebijakan dalam merencanakan adopsi teknologi secara lebih terarah dan berkelanjutan.

This study examines the application of blockchain technology in academic systems at universities in response to the increasing need for security, transparency, and efficiency in academic data management. The main objective of this study is to systematically analyse how blockchain has been used, is being implemented, and has the potential to be integrated into various academic processes, including credential verification, learning record management, and inter-institutional data interoperability. Using a systematic literature review approach, this study applies strict literature search, selection, and synthesis protocols to identify relevant publications from the last five years. The results of the study show that although blockchain offers strategic benefits such as data immutability, decentralisation, and automation through smart contracts, its practical implementation in the context of higher education is still limited to certificate verification and has not yet reached the entire academic cycle. The findings also reveal a number of challenges, including infrastructure readiness, regulations, and low institutional capabilities, especially in developing countries. This research provides a theoretical contribution through the integration of blockchain technology concepts with the characteristics of modern academic systems, as well as a practical contribution in the form of mapping the opportunities and obstacles to implementation, which can be used as a reference for higher education institutions and policymakers in planning a more focused and sustainable adoption of the technology.